|
Physiology of Exercise
I. 11 Organ Systems
A. Integumentary System
1. External covering of the body,
or the skin
2. Cushions and protects the deeper tissues from
injury
B. Skeletal System
1. Consists of bones, cartilages,
ligaments, and joints
2. Supports the body and provides a framework
that the skeletal muscle uses to cause movement
3. Serves as a protective function, i.e., the
brain enclosed within the skull
C. Muscular System
1. Contract or shorten, which
causes movement
2. Viewed as machines of the body
D. Nervous System
1. Body's fast-acting control
system
2. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves,
and sensory receptors
E. Endocrine System
1. Controls the body's activities,
but much more slowly than the nervous system
2. Produces chemical molecules called hormones
and releases them into the blood
F. Cardiovascular System
1. Heart and blood vessels
2. Blood vessels are the body's transportation
network and the heart is the engine that powers it
G. Lymphatic System
1. Complementary to the cardiovascular
system
2. Organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
and other lymphoid organs
H. Respiratory System
1. Supply the body with oxygen
2. Remove carbon dioxide from the body
I. Digestive System
1. Break down food and deliver
the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells
J. Urinary System
1. Removes nitrogen-containing
wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
2. Also known as the excretory system
K. Reproductive System
1. Exists primarily to produce offspring
Source: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
7th Ed, Elaine N. Marieb
Three Energy Systems
A. Direct Phosphorylation
1. Energy Source: Creatine Phosphate
(CP)
2. Oxygen Use: None
3. Products: 1 ATP per CP, creatine
4. Duration of Energy Provision: 15 sec
5. Weightlifting
B. Anaerobic Glycolysis
1. Energy Source: Glucose
2. Oxygen Use: None
3. Products: 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid
4. Duration of Energy Provision: 30-60 sec
5. Sprinting
C. Aerobic Respiration
1. Energy Source: Glucose, pyruvic
acid, free fatty acids
from adipose tissue,
amino acids from protein catabolism
2. Oxygen Use: Required
3. Products: 36 ATP per glucose
4. Duration of Energy Provision: Hours
5. Long-distance running
Source: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
7th Ed, Elaine N. Marieb
Muscle Types
A. Skeletal Muscle
1. Attached to bones, or for some
facial muscles, to skin
2. Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate
cells with very obvious striations
3. Voluntary contractions via nervous system control
4. Slow to fast speed of contraction
B. Cardiac Muscle
1. Walls of the heart
2. Branching chains of cells; uninucleate, striations
3. Involuntary contractions through a "pacemaker",
nervous system controls, hormones
4. Slow speed of contraction
C. Smooth Muscle
1. Walls of hollow visceral organs
(other than the heart)
2. Single, fusiform, uninucleate; no striations
3. Involuntary contractions via nervous system
controls, hormones, chemicals, stretch
4. Very slow speed of contraction
Source: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
7th Ed, Elaine N. Marieb
|
