Vital Stats

• Pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of a vessel (referred as a fraction)
• Systolic - pressure within the blood vessels observed when the heart contracts
• Diastolic - pressure when the heart is at rest and not pumping
• Blood pressure rises during exercise / excitement and falls during rest

• High Normal 130-139 mmHG 85-89 mmHG
• Stage 1 (mild) 140-159 mmHG 90-99 mmHG
• Stage 2 (moderate) 160-179 mmHG 100-109 mmHG
• Stage 3 (severe) 189-209 mmHG 110-119 mmHG
• Stage 4 (very severe) > 210 mmHG > 210mmHG

• Remedies to lower high blood pressure:
• lose weight if overweight
• limit alcohol intake to < 1oz per day
• exercise regularly
• reduce sodium intake to less than 2.3g/day
• maintain adequate dietary potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake
• stop smoking and reduce dietary fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake

• HDL - high-density lipoprotein (good cholesterol) > 35 mg/dl in men; > 45 mg/dl in women
• LDL - low-density lipoprotein ( bad cholesterol) <130 mg/dl
• Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dl
• Ratio of total cholesterol / HDL: < 5 is good; < 4 is excellent
• Triglycerides < 190

• Diabetes occurs when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin, which is necessary for the proper metabolism of digested foods
• Pancreas - large gland located behind the stomach; produces the correct amount of insulin to allow glucose to enter body cells
• In diabetics, not enough insulin is produced; glucose builds up in blood; overflows in urine and passes out of the body
• Therefore, the body loses an important source fuel--even though the blood contains large amouts of glucose
• Insulin also allows the body to store excess glucose as fat, proteins as muscle protein, and important enzymes that control metabolism
• A severe deficiency of insulin causes excess breakdown of stored fats and proteins
• Type I - insulin-dependent (IDDM) juvenile diabetes and often develops in children and young adults
• Type II - non insulin dependent (NIDDM) most common type; overweight adults; produce some insulin,but the body cells cannot use it efficiently because the cells are resistant to the insulin; by weight-reduction, exercising, oral medications, most people can overcome this resistance; some require daily insulin injections
• Gestational - (during pregnancy) usually ends after baby is born; results from body's resistance to the action of insulin; caused by hormones that the placenta produces during pregnacy; midway through the pregnacy; treated with diet; may need insulin shots
• Hypoglycemic - low blood sugar
• Hyperglycemic - high blood sugar

Benefits of Exercise Relating to Diabetes:
• reduces hyperinsulinemia
• improves insulin sensitivity
• reduces body fat
• lowers blood pressure
• normalizes dyslipoproteinemia

• Myocardial Infarction and Cerebrovascular Attack
• Heart Attack (MI) - affects the heart
• Stroke (CVA) - affects the brain
• Angina Pectoris - is the phase that usually preceeds a heart attack

• Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) - leg

• Osteoarthritis (DJD) - degenerative joint disease
• Rheumatoid - inflamatory

• Osteopenia - bone loss
• Osteoporosis - low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue

• Resting
• Exercise

• HRR=MHR - RHR
• HRR = Heart Rate Range
• MHR = maximum heart rate = 220 minus age
• RHR = Resting Heart Rate
• 50-80% HRR
• THR = target heart rate